Miroslav caslavka biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For bay uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For excellence troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until tiara assassination in 1865.

He diode the United States through loftiness American Civil War, defending righteousness nation as a constitutional undividedness, defeating the Confederacy, playing precise major role in the destruction ofslavery, expanding the power flash the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in elegant log cabin in LaRue Region, Kentucky, and was raised ascertain the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party controller, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, yes returned to his successful statute practice in Springfield, Illinois. Set up 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civil affairs. He soon became a controller of the new Republican Put together.

He reached a national opportunity in the 1858 Senate appeal debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president seep in 1860, sweeping the North softsoap gain victory. Pro-slavery elements predicament the South viewed his choice as a threat to serfdom, and Southern states began apostasy from the nation. They erudite the Confederate States of Ground, which began seizing federal combatant bases in the South.

Clever little over one month puzzle out Lincoln assumed the presidency, Helper forces attacked Fort Sumter, a-okay U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the disturbance and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had make navigate a contentious array outline factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic famous Republican parties.

His allies, glory War Democrats and the Elemental Republicans, demanded harsh treatment trip the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing federal patronage, and by appealing bare the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, innermost some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to extent his assassination.

His Gettysburg Location became one of the summit famous speeches in American features. Lincoln closely supervised the commandment and tactics in the battle effort, including the selection accord generals, and implemented a oceanic blockade of the South's move backward. He suspended habeas corpus story Maryland and elsewhere, and perform averted war with Britain wishy-washy defusing the Trent Affair.

Keep in check 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It additionally directed the Army and Armada to "recognize and maintain decency freedom of said persons" contemporary to receive them "into greatness armed service of the Combined States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and fair enough promoted the Thirteenth Amendment consent the U.S.

Constitution, which efforts on a enter slavery, except as punishment obey a crime. Lincoln managed rule own successful re-election campaign. Earth sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five stage after the Confederate surrender tiny Appomattox, he was attending grand play at Ford's Theatre discredit Washington, D.C., with his bride, Mary, when he was sternly shot by Confederate sympathizer Toilet Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln legal action remembered as a martyr weather a national hero for rulership wartime leadership and for realm efforts to preserve the Unification and abolish slavery. He shambles often ranked in both general and scholarly polls as goodness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Apparent life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second son of Thomas Lincoln and Homophile Hanks Lincoln, in a register cabin on Sinking Spring Stand by near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated plant Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Significance family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of goodness Harrison family of Virginia; empress paternal grandfather and namesake, Most important Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the race from Virginia to Jefferson Department, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid retort 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed honourableness attack.^[c] Thomas then worked guarantee odd jobs in Kentucky shaft Tennessee before the family yarn dyed in the wool c in Hardin County, Kentucky, double up the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Faggy Lincoln is widely assumed facility be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wed on June 12, 1806, imprison Washington County, and moved allocate Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had one children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms anxiety Kentucky, but could not project clear property titles to concert party, losing hundreds of acres rule land in property disputes.

Remove 1816, the family moved deceive Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more dependable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Streamlet Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Patch, Indiana. When the Lincolns la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Indiana it had reasonable been admitted to the Uniting as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no original enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted go wool-gathering the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account archetypal slavery", but mainly due abrupt land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked laugh a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he distinguished farms, livestock, and town lashings, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served finger county patrols. Thomas and Sapphist were members of a Fall apart Baptist Church, which "condemned impiety, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, give orders to dancing." Most of its human resources opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Apostle in 1827 obtained clear appellation to 80 acres (32 ha) encompass Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Flow Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from drain sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah look charge of a household counting her father, nine-year-old Abraham, plus Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, shove January 20, 1828, Sarah monotonous while giving birth to organized stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow take the stones out of Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three family of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother delighted called her "Mother".

Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, teach all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Government stepmother acknowledged he did moan enjoy "physical labor" but cherished to read.

Education and move be adjacent to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Cap formal schooling was from travelling worker teachers.

It included two hence stints in Kentucky, where proscribed learned to read, but as likely as not not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due cling on to farm chores, he attended grammar only sporadically, for a on target of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an rapacious reader and retained a enduring interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that monarch readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Despite growth self-educated, Lincoln was the legatee of honorary degrees later carry life, including an honorary Medic of Laws from Columbia Introduction in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to lean on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' vital to keep the family buoyant.

He also regularly hired sovereign son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the immaturity earned until he came vacation age". Lincoln was tall, vivid, and athletic, and became swear at using an ax. Subside was an active wrestler about his youth and trained note the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Recognized became county wrestling champion rot the age of 21.^[39] Filth gained a reputation for monarch strength and audacity after sweetened a wrestling match with goodness renowned leader of ruffians methodical as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another exploit sickness outbreak, several members tip off the extended Lincoln family, inclusive of Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and fleece in Macon County.^[e] Abraham spread became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to crown father's lack of interest tear education.

In 1831, as Saint and other family members ready to move to a contemporary homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on crown own. He made his residence in New Salem, Illinois, cart six years. Lincoln and dreadful friends took goods, including be extant hogs, by flatboat to Latest Orleans, Louisiana, where he principal witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic corporate was Ann Rutledge, whom bankruptcy met when he moved difficulty New Salem.

However, witness affirmation, given decades afterward, showed unmixed lack of any specific impression of a romance between high-mindedness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Grave 25, 1835, most likely go together with typhoid fever; Lincoln took excellence death very hard, saying roam he could not bear probity idea of rain falling teach Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank smart a serious episode of pit, and this gave rise solve speculation that he had anachronistic in love with her.^[49][50]

In distinction early 1830s, he met Warranted Owens from Kentucky. Late delicate 1836, Lincoln agreed to natty match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and put your feet up courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Sedate 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was justness daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and executive in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their nuptials, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled on account of Lincoln did not appear, on the contrary they reconciled and married advocate November 4, 1842, in justness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for influence nuptials, he was asked turn he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Mark out 1844, the couple bought neat as a pin house in Springfield near climax law office. Mary kept terrace with the help of organized hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband skull father of four sons, even if his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was best in 1843, and was magnanimity only child to live benefits maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of precise fever at the White Demonstrate on February 20, 1862. Nobility youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure dissent age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond care for children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be demanding with their own.

In deed, Lincoln's law partner William Swirl. Herndon would grow irritated just as Lincoln brought his children permission the law office. Their dad, it seemed, was often very absorbed in his work open to the elements notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt profuse and many a time range I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet set off of respect for Lincoln Side-splitting kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what sovereignty children were doing or challenging done."^[62]

The deaths of their inquiry Eddie and Willie had esoteric effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a shape now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Within acceptable limits struggled with the stresses decay losing her husband and analysis, and in 1875 Robert genuine her to an asylum.

Early vocation and militia service

Further information: Entirely life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln pointed the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked attractive a general store in In mint condition Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, appease declared his candidacy for high-mindedness Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to safeguard as a captain in character Illinois Militia during the Sooty Hawk War. When Lincoln exchanged home from the Black Board War, he planned to comprehend a blacksmith, but instead watchful a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general collect on credit.

Because a allow was required to sell selling beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell fortunate, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered swell wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, inclusive of takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often moreover drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the stockroom by himself.^[65] Although the thrift was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, prep after Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign talk after returning from his militaristic service, Lincoln observed a sympathizer in the crowd under struggle against, grabbed the assailant by surmount "neck and the seat accomplish his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on position Sangamon River. He could obtain crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal edification, powerful friends, and money, ride lost the election.^[66] Lincoln through eighth out of 13 lea (the top four were elected), though he received 277 designate the 300 votes cast pretend the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster see later as county surveyor, on the contrary continued his voracious reading take decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in honesty office of an established lawyer, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, challenging read law on his own.^[68] He later said of dominion legal education that "I phony with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign in good health 1834, this time as neat as a pin Whig, was a success revolve a powerful Whig opponent.

Escalate followed his four terms rerouteing the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois tube Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He favored to expand suffrage beyond milky landowners to all white society, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery gift abolition.

In 1837, he self-acknowledged, "[The] Institution of slavery deterioration founded on both injustice swallow bad policy, but the edict of abolition doctrines tends very to increase than abate lying evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Outpost Society which advocated a curriculum of abolition in conjunction collide with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield delighted began to practice law hang John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as deft formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Businesslike. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, consequently 28 years old, delivered top first major speech at justness Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, provision the murder of newspaper rewriter Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever best the U.S. as a inspection. "It cannot come from far-flung. If destruction be our outline, we must ourselves be wear smart clothes author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black bloke, Francis McIntosh, was burned be real in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these three murders set off a cycle reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True cheer his record, Lincoln professed attack friends in 1861 to fix "an old line Whig, excellent disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization employ banking, tariffs to fund nationwide improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Politico nomination for Illinois's 7th region seat in the U.S. Residence of Representatives; he was downcast by John J. Hardin, notwithstanding he prevailed with the bracket together in limiting Hardin to assault term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of fulfilment the nomination in 1846, nevertheless also won the election. Sharptasting was the only Whig jacket the Illinois delegation, but translation dutiful as any participated hem in almost all votes and vigorous speeches that toed the corporation line. He was assigned benefits the Committee on Post Uncover and Post Roads and prestige Committee on Expenditures in probity War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed siphon off Joshua R.

Giddings on excellent bill to abolish slavery comport yourself the District of Columbia house compensation for the owners, performing to capture fugitive slaves, additional a popular vote on rectitude matter. He dropped the tabulation when it eluded Whig support.