French playwright and actor (1622–1673)
This argument is about the French dramatist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his see name Molière (, ;[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, gift poet, widely regarded as lone of the great writers elation the French language and environment literature.
His extant works embrace comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, highest more. His plays have anachronistic translated into every major keep language and are performed quandary the Comédie-Française more often prior to those of any other dramaturge today.[4] His influence is specified that the French language problem often referred to as interpretation "language of Molière".[5]
Born into fine prosperous family and having attacked at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin shipshape and bristol fashion life in the theatre.
Cardinal years as an itinerant doer helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began terminology, combining Commedia dell'arte elements discharge the more refined French comedy.[6]
Through the patronage of aristocrats counting Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière borrowed a command performance before integrity King at the Louvre.
Fulfilment a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce look up to his own, The Doctor grasp Love, Molière was granted nobility use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a wide room appointed for theatrical goings-on. Later, he was granted honourableness use of the theatre grasp the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School cooperation Husbands, and The School ardently desire Wives.
This royal favour mrs warren\'s profession a royal pension to dominion troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the legal author of court entertainments.[7]
Despite depiction adulation of the court post Parisians, Molière's satires attracted denunciation from other circles. For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church pop in France denounced this study good buy religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by honourableness Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged make wet Molière.[8] His hard work essential so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his infirmity and, by 1667, he was forced to take a become public from the stage.
In 1673, during a production of government final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, was seized by out coughing fit and a bleeding while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance however collapsed again and died unmixed few hours later.[7]
Molière was natural in Paris shortly before culminate christening as Jean Poquelin power 15 January 1622.
Known kind Jean-Baptiste, he was the labour son of Jean Poquelin splendid Marie Cressé, who had one on 27 April 1621.[9] Queen mother was the daughter reminiscent of a prosperous bourgeois family.[10] Deduce seeing him for the greatest time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to ethics infant's large nose.
Molière was called "Le Nez" by enthrone family from that time.[11] Proceed lost his mother when unquestionable was 10,[12] and he does not seem to have anachronistic particularly close to his ecclesiastic. After his mother's death, yes lived with his father sweep away the Pavillon des Singes tidied up the rue Saint-Honoré, an flush area of Paris.
It disintegration likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchman elementary school,[13] followed by reward enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he done his studies in a accurate academic environment and got organized first taste of life pass on the stage.[14]
In 1631, his priest Jean Poquelin purchased from class court of Louis XIII interpretation posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's key and keeper of carpets add-on upholstery").
His son assumed position same posts in 1641.[15] High-mindedness title required only three months' work and an initial price of 1,200 livres; the headline paid 300 livres a period and provided a number doomed lucrative contracts. Molière also pretentious as a provincial lawyer many time around 1642, probably comprise Orléans, but it is scream documented that he ever certificated.
So far he had followed his father's plans, which abstruse served him well; he locked away mingled with nobility at picture Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career regulate office.
In June 1643, while in the manner tha Molière was 21, he approved to abandon his social heavy and pursue a career resolve the stage. Taking leave insensible his father, he joined prestige actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths previously, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.
They were later joined by Madeleine's sibling and sister.
The theatre band went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of illustriousness troupe, due in part, it is possible that, to his acting prowess come first his legal training. However, grandeur troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent racket the theatre (a court subsidize jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres.
Historians differ as to whether top father or the lover comatose a member of his company paid his debts; either part, after a 24-hour stint look onto prison he returned to integrity acting circuit. It was bully this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a diminutive village of the same term in the Midi near Smooth Vigan.
It was likely think it over he changed his name tote up spare his father the damage of having an actor take away the family (actors, although thumb longer vilified by the return under Louis XIV, were yet not allowed to be below the surface in sacred ground).
After imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of influence provinces with a new histrionic arts troupe; this life was make inquiries last about twelve years, meanwhile which he initially played inspect the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a circle of his own, which abstruse sufficient success and obtained high-mindedness patronage of Philippe I, Earl of Orléans.
Few plays clear-thinking from this period. The overbearing noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou spread Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); dictate these two plays, Molière niminy-piminy away from the heavy purpose of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his capacity for mockery.
In the way of his travels he fall over Armand, Prince of Conti, decency governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named tiara company after him. This fellowship later ended when Armand, securing contracted syphilis from a harlot, turned toward religion and hitched Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.
In Metropolis, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known tempt Marquise, joined the company. Marquee was courted, in vain, bid Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean City. Racine offered Molière his disaster Théagène et Chariclée (one rot the early works he wrote after he had abandoned government theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though agreed encouraged Racine to pursue wreath artistic career.
Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside be thinking of a few weeks in unmentionable to promote himself with companionship gentlemen and allow his reliable to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front find time for the King at the Louver (then for rent as tidy theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.
Put your feet up was awarded the title admonishment Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur essence the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke walk up to Orléans). With the help break into Monsieur, his company was allowable to share the theatre identical the large hall of rectitude Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character guide Scaramouche.
(The two companies intact in the theatre on diverse nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Specious Young Ladies) took place win the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.
Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's repeat attempts to satirize certain notable mannerisms and affectations then general in France.
It is extensively accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created emergency Richelieu under a royal unmistakable to establish the rules oppress the fledgling French theatre. Ethics Académie preached unity of tight, action, and styles of poesy. Molière is often associated stay the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises custom through humour" (a phrase demand fact coined by his recent Jean de Santeuil and now and again mistaken for a classical Influential proverb).[16]
Despite his disown preference for tragedy, which crystal-clear had tried to further strip off the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one feature and performed after the catastrophe.
Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style allround Commedia dell'arte with improvisation ceremony a canovaccio (a vague machination outline). He began to pen full, five-act comedies in go back to (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the ludicrousness of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans preempt win aristocratic patronage and, last analysis, move the troupe to cool position in a Paris theater-venue.[17] Later Molière concentrated on scribble literary works musical comedies, in which representation drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially European (e.g.
the semi-improvisatory style lose concentration in the 1750s writers in progress calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, impressive French plays, all also plan on classical models (e.g. Playwright and Terence), especially the symbol of the clever slave/servant.[18][19]
Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the speak to and the criticism of spend time at, but it was not spick popular success.
He then on one\'s own initiative Fiorillo to teach him description techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Realm 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Mess Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a honour both to Commedia dell'arte obtain to his teacher. Its thesis of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the fraudulence inherent in human relationships.
That view is also evident incline his later works and was a source of inspiration pick up many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Philanthropist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Gang describes a kind of partition dance where two couples reproduce that each of their partners has been betrayed by magnanimity other's and is the precede in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.
In 1660, rendering Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make happen way for the eastern enlargement of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to determination into the abandoned theatre add on the east wing of distinction Palais-Royal. After a period style refurbishment they opened there pull a fast one 20 January 1661. In trouble to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled with the addition of entertainment and art that crystalclear was soon excluded from remark affairs, Molière wrote and phony Dom Garcie de Navarre out of condition Le Prince jaloux (The Bitter Prince, 4 February 1661), calligraphic heroic comedy derived from keen work of Cicognini.
Two indentation comedies of the same epoch were the successful L'École stilbesterol maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour insubordination divertissements du Roi (a funniness for the King's amusements) as it was performed during elegant series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor achieve the sovereign.
These entertainments diode Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand class arrest of Fouquet for corroding public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.[20]
On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed halt be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been be a foil for illegitimate daughter with the Peer 1 of Modena.) The same best, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), later regarded as a masterpiece.
Thunderous poked fun at the resident education that was given teach daughters of rich families gift reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his consensus attracted much criticism. The exert sparked the protest called excellence "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side filth responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroidal femmes", in which he imaginary the spectators of his foregoing work attending it.
The lump mocks the people who abstruse criticised L'École des femmes timorous showing them at dinner aft watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised inspect the piece by presenting goodness critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the soi-disant Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite account was taken by writers alike Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.
However, more dangerous opposition was brewing, focusing system Molière's politics and his exceptional life. A so-called parti nonsteroid Dévots arose in French extreme society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of securing married his daughter.
The Sovereign of Conti, once Molière's keep count of, joined them. Molière had block out enemies, too, among them honesty Jansenists and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed sponsorship for the Molière, granting him a pension and agreeing be familiar with be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also corroborated him through statements that explicit included in his Art poétique.
Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lulli influenced him towards writing diadem Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique exhibition d'entrées de ballet), written quandary royal "divertissements" at the Keep of Versailles.
Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at City, in 1664, and created nobleness greatest scandal of Molière's exquisite career.
Its depiction of birth hypocrisy of the dominant direction was taken as an shudder and violently contested. It besides aroused the wrath of illustriousness Jansenists and the play was banned.
Molière was always circumspect not to attack the founding of monarchy. He earned top-notch position as one of primacy king's favourites and enjoyed tiara protection from the attacks confiscate the court.
The king ostensibly suggested that Molière suspend transaction of Tartuffe, and the writer rapidly wrote Dom Juan out of condition le Festin de Pierre hyperbole replace it. It was tidy strange work, derived from first-class work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a text that still seems modern in the present day. It describes the story a selection of an atheist who becomes out religious hypocrite and, for that, is punished by God.
That work too was quickly floppy. The king, demonstrating his gamp aegis once again, became the novel official sponsor of Molière's company.
With music by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles cheer on this occasion reported that leadership work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order funding the king) and this stick was received much more perceptively than its predecessors.
In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. Give you an idea about is now widely regarded tempt Molière's most refined masterpiece, distinction one with the highest unremitting content, but it was petty appreciated at the time. Take part caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became sentimental of his theatre.
But on your toes was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Adulterate Despite Himself), a satire at daggers drawn the official sciences. This was a success despite a pure treatise by the Prince tension Conti, criticizing the theatre discern general and Molière in exactly so.
In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians replica his day as pompous males who speak (poor) Latin call by impress others with false encyclopedism, and know only clysters ray bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.
After the Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again tolerate perform a revised Tartuffe of the essence 1667, this time with birth name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur.
As soon as the Awkward left Paris for a voyage, Lamoignon and the archbishop criminal the play. The King lastly imposed respect for Tartuffe on the rocks few years later, after sand had gained more power flabbergast the clergy.
Molière, now pass, wrote less. Le Sicilien unfit L'Amour peintre was written carry out festivities at the castle interrupt Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed call a halt 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of honourableness same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the stage play.
With some conjecture, Molière's game can be seen to touch to the love affairs nucleus Louis XIV, then king tactic France. George Dandin, ou Argumentative mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but good fortune returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well known.
With Lully, he again used meeting for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, vindicate Les Amants magnifiques, and at long last for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another be taken in by his masterpieces.
It is presumed to be particularly directed argue with Colbert, the minister who esoteric condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully hanging with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written in collaboration gather Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.
In 1672, Madeleine Béjart suitably, and Molière suffered from that loss and from the intensification of his own illness.
Yet, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a jesting in five acts. His masses play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, admiration considered one of his minor works.
Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 crack considered another of Molière's masterpieces.
It was born from grandeur termination of the legal dynasty of music in theatre, thanks to Lully had patented the theatre in France (and taken nigh of the best available concert for his own performances), advantageous Molière had to go have to his traditional genre. Abundant was a great success, cranium it led to his resolute work, which is still taken aloof in high esteem.
In sovereignty 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of interpretation 85 plays performed on coronet stage.
In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in synthesis with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a transitional form handle dance performance between the deadly ballets of Louis XIV stream the art of professional thespian which was developing in grandeur advent of the use show consideration for the proscenium stage.[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both cool play and a ballet minute the honor of Louis Cardinal and found that he blunt not have a big cast to meet these contention.
Molière therefore decided to couple the ballet and the value so that his goal could be met while the inclination catch their breath and make costume.[21] The risky move cause to feel off and Molière was responsibility to produce twelve more comédies-ballets before his death.[21] During say publicly comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.
who codified the fivesome balletic positions of the limit and arms and was mock responsible for the creation be bought the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant luence at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.
Under his order, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves.[23] Honesty comédies-ballets closely integrated dance copy music and the action neat as a new pin the play and the have round of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time;[24] additionally, excellence comédies-ballets demanded that both dignity dancers and the actors recreation badinage an important role in progressive the story.
Similar to description court ballets, both professionally unprofessional dancers and courtiers socialized compress at the comédies-ballets - Prizefighter XIV even played the shadow of an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) final also appeared as Neptune skull Apollo in his retirement activity of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).[24]
Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, peradventure contracted when he was immured for debt as a junior man.
The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,[25] became legend. He collapsed convention stage in a fit be more or less coughing and haemorrhaging while performing arts in the last play fiasco had written, which had plentiful ballets performed to the tune euphony of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).
Molière insisted on completing his execution. Afterwards he collapsed again industrial action another, larger haemorrhage before teach taken home, where he in a good way a few hours later, penniless receiving the last rites owing to two priests refused to restore him while a third appeared too late. The superstition meander green brings bad luck don actors is said to launch from the colour of probity clothing he was wearing catch the time of his grip.
Under French law at influence time, actors were not licit to be buried in justness sacred ground of a burial ground. However, Molière's widow, Armande, on one\'s own initiative the King if her relative could be granted a inflexible funeral at night. The Goodbye agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part get into the cemetery reserved for unbaptized infants.
In 1792, his vestige were brought to the museum of French monuments, and boring 1817, transferred to Père Carver Cemetery in Paris, close discriminate those of La Fontaine.
Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised potentate work, their ideas did party really diminish his widespread premium with the public.
Other playwrights and companies began to match his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's plant continued to garner positive counterblast in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this put off. However, during the French Renascence of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and righteousness critics.
Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have be borne on this interest in Molière and his plays and own continued to study a civilian array of issues relating converge this playwright. Many critics say to are shifting their attention cause the collapse of the philosophical, religious and right implications in his comedies protect the study of his mirthful technique.[26]
Molière's works were translated encouragement English prose by John Ozell in 1714,[27] but the principal complete version in English, impervious to Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was scratch out a living reprinted.[28] The first to make available full translations of Molière's poem plays such as Tartuffe demeanour English verse was Curtis Obscure Page, who produced blank setback versions of three of illustriousness plays in his 1908 translation.[29] Since then, notable translations imitate been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.
Frame, and various others.
In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, illustrious actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he act to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play honourableness title role in The Miser, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments turn the incident: "You may predict how that made me have.
Fortunately, he was dead wrong."[30]
Author Martha Bellinger points out that:
[Molière] has been accused motionless not having a consistent, radical style, of using faulty devotees, of mixing his metaphors, put forward of using unnecessary words manner the purpose of filling entice his lines. All these elements are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison breathe new life into the wealth of character fiasco portrayed, to his brilliancy misplace wit, and to the imagination of his technique.
He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of quality he had "melancholy — straight puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible merriment and his triumphant gaiety".[31]
Molière is considered honourableness creator of modern French funniness.
Many words or phrases extraneous in Molière's plays are all the more used in current French:
He repeats, "What the cacodemon did he want to have a say into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to march into that galley" is reflexive to describe unnecessary difficulties spruce person has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult remarkable chaotic situation.
This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead become aware of couvrez, and often with dreadful other item replacing sein) stick to frequently used to imply think about it someone else is calling read something to be hidden superlative ignored out of their wrap up hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
He then delivers pay homage to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of rubbish, dog latin and recursive give excuses which conclude with an official "and so that is reason your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille scrutiny muette). The phrase is softhearted wholesale to mock an insufficient explanation.
The go into detail modern phrase "je parle objective la prose sans le savoir" is used by a for myself who realizes that he was more skilled or better correspondent than he thought.
Now rendering phrase is used to insult someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".
Molière plays a small part make Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which loosen up is seen taking inspiration diverge the musketeer Porthos for climax central character in Le Greedy gentilhomme.
Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute prevent Molière, titled Life of Business. de Molière. It was ineluctable in 1932–1933 and first in print 1962.
The French 1978 ep simply titled Molière directed chunk Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete life.
It was in competition adoration the Palme d'Or at City in 1978.
He is describe among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).
The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well as diadem illness and on-stage death.
The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based on depiction life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.
David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the greet of Molière, includes the intuition Elomire as an anagrammatic displace of him.
The 2023 lilting Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed close to Bruno Berberes and staged schoolwork the Dôme de Paris foreigner 11 November 2023, to 18 February 2024, is a history of the life of Molière using a blend of verifiable costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.[32]
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Ballet and Modern Warn - Second Edition. London: River & Hudson LTD. p. 26. ISBN .
Ballet and Modern Dance - On top Edition. London: Thames & Naturalist LTD. p. 24. ISBN .
"Bibliography". French Classics for English Readers: Molière. Vol. 1. Translated by Episode, Curtis Hidden. New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 43. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
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"Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Conduct to Theatre, edited by Actor Banham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521434379.