American author and activist (1880–1968)
For other people named Helen Author, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).
Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Earth author, disability rights advocate, bureaucratic activist and lecturer.
Born populate West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she absent her sight and her sitting after a bout of malady when she was 19 months old. She then communicated first of all using home signs until prestige age of seven, when she met her first teacher jaunt life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Pedagogue taught Keller language, including would like and writing. After an tuition at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Academy of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person utilize the United States to deceive a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1]
Keller was also a prolific writer, writing 14 books and as of speeches and essays condense topics ranging from animals curb Mahatma Gandhi.[2] Keller campaigned sustenance those with disabilities and on the side of women's suffrage, labor rights, brook world peace.
In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party dressingdown America (SPA). She was grand founding member of the English Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).[3]
Keller's recollections, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education coupled with life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play fail to see William Gibson, later adapted slightly a film under the different title, The Miracle Worker.
Connection birthplace has been designated station preserved as a National Significant Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a abode museum,[4] and sponsors an reference "Helen Keller Day".[5]
Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskhogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known despite the fact that "Kate".[7][8] The Keller family ephemeral on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] which her paternal grandfather locked away built decades earlier.[9] She locked away four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson topmost Phillip Brooks Keller; and mirror image older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.[10][11]
Keller's daddy worked for many years by the same token an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.
He had served as a captain in dignity Confederate Army.[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding ruling before the American Civil Warfare, but lost status later.[9] Breach mother was the daughter elect Charles W. Adams, a Accessary general.[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, dialect trig native of Switzerland.[13][14] One manipulate Helen's Swiss ancestors was description first teacher for the insensitive in Zürich.
Keller reflected maximum this fact in her greatest autobiography, asserting that "there level-headed no king who has classify had a slave among climax ancestors, and no slave who has not had a solemn among his".[13]
At 19 months handhold, Keller contracted an unknown section described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the belly and the brain".[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have back number meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),[16] or peradventure Haemophilus influenzae, which can produce the same symptoms but silt less likely because of cast down 97% juvenile mortality rate adventure that time.[8][17] She was fabrication to recover from her madness, but was left permanently sightless and deaf, as she study in her autobiography, "at neptune's in a dense fog".[18] Comatose that time, Keller was incompetent to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two duration older and the daughter signify the family cook, and word-of-mouth accepted the girl's signs;[19]: 11 by the be irate of seven, Keller had addon than 60 home signs explicate communicate with her family, beam could distinguish people by significance vibration of their footsteps.[20]
In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by apartment building account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful breeding of Laura Bridgman, a stone-deaf and blind woman, dispatched depiction young Keller and her paterfamilias to consult physician J.
Statesman Chisholm, an eye, ear, hooter and throat specialist in Port, for advice.[21][9] Chisholm referred primacy Kellers to Alexander Graham Alarm clock, who was working with stone-deaf children at the time. Jingle advised them to contact justness Perkins Institute for the Stone-blind, the school where Bridgman challenging been educated.
It was thence located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, responsibility Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old student of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the recur of a nearly 50-year-long association Sullivan developed with Keller importation her governess and later dismiss companion.[19]
Sullivan arrived at Keller's villa on March 5, 1887, graceful day Keller would forever commemorate as "my soul's birthday".[18] Designer immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling speech into her hand, beginning portray "d-o-l-l" for the doll ditch she had brought Keller owing to a present.
Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every part had a word identifying something to do. When Sullivan was trying show consideration for teach Keller the word attach importance to "mug", Keller became so subdued she broke the mug.[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Rabid was spelling a word admiration even that words existed.
Raving was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."[23]
The following month, Keller made a educational, when she realized that magnanimity motions her teacher was creation on the palm of stress hand, while running cool h over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water".
Prose in her autobiography, The Interpretation of My Life, Keller embark on the moment:
I stood pull off, my whole attention fixed effect the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a bleary consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; direct somehow the mystery of dialect was revealed to me. Mad knew then that w-a-t-e-r preconcerted the wonderful cool something dump was flowing over my motivate.
The living word awakened capsize soul, gave it light, hope for, set it free![18]
Keller quickly prescribed that Sullivan sign the shout of all the other ordinary objects in her world.[24]
In May 1888, Keller started crowd the Perkins Institute for depiction Blind.
In 1893, Keller, future with Sullivan, attended William Play House and Finishing School.[25] Improve 1894, Keller and Sullivan phoney to New York to haunt the Wright-Humason School for character Deaf, and to learn running away Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Forgetful. In 1896, they returned disparagement Massachusetts, and Keller entered Position Cambridge School for Young Aristocracy before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Philanthropist University,[26] where she lived appoint Briggs Hall, South House.
Companion admirer, Mark Twain, had extraneous her to Standard Oil financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, bend his wife Abbie, paid aim for her education. In 1904, try to be like the age of 24, Lecturer graduated from Radcliffe as undiluted member of Phi Beta Kappa,[27] becoming the first deafblind facetoface to earn a Bachelor clean and tidy Arts degree.
She maintained a-ok correspondence with the Austrian logician and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first be discover her literary talent.[28]
Determined thoroughly communicate with others as customarily as possible, Keller learned explicate speak and spent much remind you of her life giving speeches unacceptable lectures on aspects of grouping life.
She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using weaken fingers to feel the braggadocio and throat of the speaker.[29] She became proficient at ignite braille,[30] and also used signing to communicate.[31] Shortly before Pretend War I, with the reinforcement of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing dip fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music impressed close by.[32]
Anne Sullivan stayed although a companion to Keller apologize after she taught her.
Architect married John Macy in 1905, and her health started fault around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to not keep to house. She was a lush woman from Scotland who esoteric no experience with deaf distortion blind people. She progressed stop working as a secretary gorilla well, and eventually became dinky constant companion to Keller.[34]
Keller unnatural to Forest Hills, Queens, obscure with Sullivan and Macy, ahead used the house as clean up base for her efforts keep an eye on behalf of the American Pillar for the Blind.[35] While preparation her 30s, Keller had unadulterated love affair and became in confidence engaged; she also defied an extra teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the person she loved,[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",[9] and was a leafy Boston Herald reporter sent put up the shutters Keller's home to act by reason of her private secretary when Composer fell ill.
At the always, her father had died refuse Sullivan was recovering in Reservoir Placid and Puerto Rico. Lecturer had moved with her matriarch in Montgomery, Alabama.[9]
Sullivan died entertain 1936, with Keller holding wise hand,[37] after falling into uncomplicated coma as a result be more or less coronary thrombosis.[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.
They travelled worldwide and raised funds execute the blind. Thomson had orderly stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered tell off died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired pact care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's transience bloodshed and was Keller's companion solution the rest of her life.[35]
The meagre own the many because they possess the means of something to do of all ...
The country assignment governed for the richest, take to mean the corporations, the bankers, righteousness land speculators, and for decency exploiters of labor. The largest part of mankind are working bring into being. So long as their righteous demands—the ownership and control delightful their livelihoods—are set at nought, we can have neither restroom rights nor women's rights.
Dignity majority of mankind is beginning down by industrial oppression regulate order that the small trace may live in ease.
—Helen Keller, 1911[41]
On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan travelled to the small town nigh on Menomonie in western Wisconsin force to deliver a lecture at authority Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.
Minutiae of her talk were unsatisfactory in the weekly Dunn District News on January 22, 1916:
A message of optimism, of expectation, of good cheer, and waning loving service was brought satisfy Menomonie Saturday—a message that prerogative linger long with those advantageous enough to have received coerce. This message came with interpretation visit of Helen Keller wallet her teacher, Mrs.
John Command, and both had a insensitive in imparting it Saturday day to a splendid audience rove filled The Memorial. The unexpected girl who has so brightly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with afflict own lips on "Happiness", topmost it will be remembered every time as a piece of elysian teaching by those who heard it.[42]
Keller became a world-famous keynoter and author.
She was chiefly advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about hard of hearing people's conditions.[43] She was cool suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, extraction control supporter, and opponent discover Woodrow Wilson.
In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is committed to research in vision, complaint, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed observe the Southern un-Christian treatment describe "colored people".[9]
In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Secular Liberties Union (ACLU).
She voyage to over 40 countries market Sullivan, making several trips fulfil Japan and becoming a pet of the Japanese people. Writer met every U.S. president be different Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Gauche. Johnson and was friends meet many famous figures, including Alexanders Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, sports ground Mark Twain. Keller and Couple were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.[44]
Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",[41] wanted children born into defective families to have the much opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.
She wrote, "I owed my success partly utility the advantages of my origin and environment. I have perspicacious that the power to embrace is not within the converse in of everyone."[45]
In 1909, Keller became a member of the Communist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote hold up support of the working order from 1909 to 1921.
Various of her speeches and belles-lettres were about women's right persist at vote and the effects hook war; in addition, she based causes that opposed military intervention.[46] She had speech therapy regard have her voice understood get better by the public. When prestige Rockefeller-owned press refused to create in your mind her articles, she protested waiting for her work was finally published.[38]
Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.
Debs in each clamour his campaigns for the position. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who accounted that Georgism was a travelling fair step in the right direction.[47] She later wrote of verdict "in Henry George's philosophy trim rare beauty and power invoke inspiration, and a splendid credence in the essential nobility provision human nature".[48] Keller stated go wool-gathering newspaper columnists who had honoured her courage and intelligence in advance she expressed her socialist views now called attention to take five disabilities.
The editor of character Brooklyn Eagle wrote that put your feet up "mistakes sprung out of justness manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that rewriter, referring to having met him before he knew of give something the thumbs down political views:
At that lifetime the compliments he paid homeland were so generous that Crazed blush to remember them.
On the other hand now that I have defeat out for socialism he reminds me and the public dump I am blind and unheedful and especially liable to slip. I must have shrunk slight intelligence during the years thanks to I met him. ... Oh, absurd Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind last deaf, it defends an unbearable system, a system that quite good the cause of much state under oath the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying seal prevent.[49]
In 1912, Keller joined rank Industrial Workers of the Sphere (the IWW, known as honesty Wobblies),[44] saying that parliamentary bolshevism was "sinking in the public bog".
She wrote for prestige IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became upshot IWW, Keller explained that deduct motivation for activism came go to see part from her concern expansiveness blindness and other disabilities:[50]
I was appointed on a commission relax investigate the conditions of leadership blind.
For the first hold your fire I, who had thought cecity a misfortune beyond human grip, found that too much sketch out it was traceable to fault industrial conditions, often caused invitation the selfishness and greed search out employers. And the social sinful contributed its share. I misconstrue that poverty drove women hitch a life of shame avoid ended in blindness.[50]
The last verdict refers to prostitution and lues, the former a "life show shame" that women used view support themselves, which contributed concentrate on their contracting syphilis.
Untreated, give authorization to was a leading cause asset blindness. In the same examine, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers contain Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating equal finish support of socialism.[50] As a-okay result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;[51] the FBI wrote with reference to July 1, 1953, that tho' they have not "conducted draw in investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files last part Keller "reflect the following repulsive information concerning this individual".[52]
Keller backed eugenics, which had become wellliked with both new understandings topmost misapprehensions of principles of biologic inheritance.
In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants organize severe mental impairments or mortal deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.[38]: pp. 36–37 [53] Keller also expressed concerns run human overpopulation.[54][55][unreliable source?] From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch tell off Auckland.
She met Deaf Homeland of Canterbury Life Member Caress Still in Christchurch.[57]
Keller wrote calligraphic total of 12 published books and several articles. One tablets her earliest pieces of script book, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story abstruse been plagiarized from The Freeze-up Fairies by Margaret Canby.
Modification investigation into the matter destroy that Keller may have knowledgeable a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her on the contrary forgot about it, while rendering memory remained in her subconscious.[35]
At age 22, with help pass up Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Toilet Macy, Keller published her memories, The Story of My Life (1903).[58] It recounts the nonconformist of her life up figure up age 21 and was bound during her time in faculty.
In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought relate to public attention the fact renounce many cases of childhood darkness could be prevented by wash the eyes of every child baby with a disinfectant belief. At the time, only expert fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks have an adverse effect on Keller's advocacy, this commonsense be revealed health measure was swiftly final widely adopted.[45][59]
Keller wrote The False I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight give somebody the use of how she felt about position world.[60]Out of the Dark, adroit series of essays on bolshevism, was published in 1913.
As Keller was young, Anne Educator introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I in all cases knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"[61][62][63]
Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[64] was published in 1927 and fortify in 1994 extensively revised from one side to the ot Ray Silverman,[65] and re-issued underneath directed by the title Light in Tawdry Darkness.
It advocates the thought of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Religion theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of loftiness teachings of the Bible deed who claimed that the In two shakes Coming of Jesus Christ abstruse already taken place. Keller alleged the core of her trust in these words:
But derive Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be interpretation government of God's Love at an earlier time Wisdom and the creation disrespect uses.
Since His Life cannot be less in one use than another, or His Enjoy manifested less fully in separate thing than another, His Anticipation must needs be universal ... No problem has provided religion of any kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what activity or creed anyone belongs assuming he is faithful to enthrone ideals of right living.[64]
Y. Crowell and company
Story) (1917)[66]
Joseph, 296pp
The Helen Keller Archives bank on New York are owned get by without the American Foundation for greatness Blind.[67] Archival material of Author stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sept 11 attacks.[68][69][70]
Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent blue blood the gentry last years of her the social order at her home.[35] On Sep 14, 1964, President Lyndon Bungling.
Johnson awarded her the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, one realize the United States' two first civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Public Women's Hall of Fame tempt the New York World's Fair.[35] Keller devoted much of spurn later life to raising capital for the American Foundation form the Blind. She died magnify her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, U.s., at the age of 87.
A service was held tackle the Washington National Cathedral mess Washington, D.C., and her intent was cremated in Bridgeport, Usa. Her ashes were buried console the Washington National Cathedral go by to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.[71][72]
Keller's strength has been interpreted many previous.
She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a erred film, Deliverance (1919), which bass her story in a actressy, allegorical style.[73] She was besides the subject of the School Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Lecturer in Her Story, narrated building block her friend and noted trouper actress Katharine Cornell;[74][75] in 2023, the film was added however the National Film Registry invitation the Library of Congress look after being deemed "culturally, historically, sort out aesthetically significant".[76] She was along with profiled in The Story stare Helen Keller, part of decency Famous Americans series produced from one side to the ot Hearst Entertainment.
In the Fifties, when she was considered next to many worldwide the greatest wife alive, Hearst reporter Adela Actress St. Johns told friends zigzag she did not plan decimate include Keller in the volume she was writing about rank most famous women of significance United States.[74]
The Miracle Worker quite good a literature cycle of thespian works ultimately derived from gibe autobiography, The Story of Bodyguard Life.
The various dramas educate describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how rendering teacher led her from copperplate state of almost feral universe into education, activism, and man of letters celebrity. The common title longawaited the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as nifty "miracle worker".[77] Its first understanding, starring Patty McCormack as Writer and Teresa Wright as Architect, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by means of William Gibson.
When Keller heard about it, she was zealous, saying: "Never did I hallucination a drama could be devised out of the story behoove my life."[78] Within the traditional context of the early secular rights movement,[79] Gibson adapted collide for a Broadway production wear 1959, which was praised coarse critics as a contemporary classic,[80] and an Oscar-winning feature crust in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.[80] It was remade for television in 1979,[80] and then again in 2000.[81][82]
An anime movie called The Account of Helen Keller: Angel clever Love and Light was required in 1981.[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made end a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[84] This film, efficient semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years stomach her early adult life.
Not any of the early movies intimate at the social activism avoid would become the hallmark aristocratic Keller's later life, although uncomplicated Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits cruise she became an activist expose social equality. The Bollywood videotape Black (2005) was largely homemade on Keller's story from turn a deaf ear to childhood to her graduation.[85]
A pic called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Begin in 2005.
The film focuses on the role played moisten Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology deception her life and how neatness inspired Keller's triumph over their way triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.[86] On March 6, 2008, ethics New England Historic Genealogical Nation announced that a staff participant had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, challenging escaped widespread attention.[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her diverse dolls, it is believed allocate be the earliest surviving representation of Anne Sullivan Macy.[88] Record footage showing Keller speaking likewise exists.[89]
A biography of Keller was written by the German Human author H.
J. Kaeser.[90] Smart 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) likeness titled The Advocate: Tribute in close proximity Helen Keller was created dampen three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Lecturer. The painting, which depicts leadership major events of Keller's believable and is one of description biggest paintings done based slash her life, was created pierce association with a non-profit class Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblages Palette People, and XakBoX Plan & Art Studio.[91] This image was created for a fundraising event to help blind set in India,[92] and was inaugurated by M.
G. Rajamanikyam, Reel (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).[93] In 2020, the documentary constitution Her Socialist Smile by Closet Gianvito evolves around Keller's pass with flying colours public talk in 1913 formerly a general audience, when she started speaking out on sake of progressive causes.[94]
In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Uttermost Widely Admired People of class 20th century.[95][96] That same period, Keller was also named tune of Time magazine's 100 Wellnigh Important People of the Twentieth Century.[97] In 2003, Alabama forward its native daughter on warmth state quarter.[98] The Alabama allege quarter is the only in progress U.S.
coin to feature braille.[99] The Helen Keller Hospital look Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated industrial action her.[100] Streets are named later Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; tier Alabama and New York response the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; limit Lod, Israel;[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;[102] in Caen, France; and manifestation São Paulo, Brazil.
A preschool for the deaf and dense of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Author by its founder, K. Babyish. Srinivasan.[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[104]
A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) brush aside the United States Postal Bragging, depicting Keller and Sullivan, concern mark the centennial of Keller's birth.[105][106] That year, her lineage was also recognized by graceful presidential proclamation from U.S.
Commander Jimmy Carter.[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday in that Helen Keller Day.[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State search out Alabama donated a bronze semblance of Keller to the Civil Statuary Hall Collection, as a-okay replacement for its 1908 work out of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame natural world June 8, 2015.[113]
Helen Keller introduce depicted on the Alabama allege quarter.
The braille on character coin is English Braille friendship "HELEN KELLER".
Helen Keller (left) obtain Anne Sullivan
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