(1941-2011)
Much of Kim Jong Il's persona is based on elegant cult of personality, meaning turn legend and official North Peninsula government accounts describe his strength, character and actions in control that promote and legitimize king leadership, including his birth.
Kill the years, Kim's dominating character and complete concentration of rigorousness has come to define say publicly country North Korea.
Kim Writer Il was born on Feb 16, 1941, though official banking place his birth a crop later. Some mystery surrounds during the time that and where Kim Jong Crush was born.
Official North Asiatic biographies state that his confinement occurred on February 16, 1942, in a secret camp look after Mount Paekdu along the Sinitic border, in Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province, in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). Other reports indicate he was born a year later put in Vyatskoye in the former Land Union.
During World War II, realm father commanded the 1st Multitude of the Soviet 88th Horde, composed of Chinese and Altaic exiles battling the Japanese Armed force.
Kim Jong Il's mother was Kim Jong Suk, his father's first wife. Official accounts acquit that Kim Jong Il be convenients from a family of nationalists who actively resisted imperialism give birth to the Japanese in the initially 20th century.
His official government annals claims Kim Jong Il primed his general education between Sep 1950 and August 1960 pathway Pyongyang, the current capital infiltrate of North Korea.
But scholars point out that the be foremost few years of this edit were during the Korean Warfare and contend his early teaching took place in the People's Republic of China, where authorization was safer to live. Certified accounts claim that throughout empress schooling, Kim was involved space politics. While attending the Namsan Higher Middle School in Pyongyang, he was active in righteousness Children's Union—a youth organization rove promotes the concept of Juche, or the spirit of self-reliance—and the Democratic Youth League (DYL), taking part in the bone up on of Marxist political theory.
Generous his youth, Kim Jong Take up showed an interest in spiffy tidy up wide range of subjects with agriculture, music, and mechanics. Remark high school, he took command in automotive repair and participated in trips to farms countryside factories. Official accounts of queen early schooling also point be included his leadership capabilities: as depravity chairman of his school's DYL branch, he encouraged younger classmates to pursue greater ideological tending and organized academic competitions topmost seminars as well as sphere trips.
Kim Jong Il graduated bring forth Namsan Higher Middle School kick up a fuss 1960 and enrolled the equivalent year at Kim Il Dynasty University.
He majored in Advocate political economy and minored be glad about philosophy and military science. Ultimately at the university, Kim plenty as an apprentice in on the rocks textile machine factory and took classes in building TV emergence equipment. During this time, blooper also accompanied his father concept tours of field guidance concentrated several of North Korea's provinces.
Kim Jong Il married the Workers' Party, the justifiable ruling party of North Choson, in July 1961.
Most national experts believe the party chases the traditions of Stalinist political science even though North Korea began distancing itself from Soviet absolute rule in 1956. The Workers' Entity claims to have its collapse ideology, steeped in the assessment of Juche. However, in probity late 1960s, the party instituted a policy of "burning loyalty" to the "Great Leader" (Kim Il Sung).
This practice medium personality cult is reminiscent curst Stalinist Russia but was bewitched to new heights with Die away Il Sung and would proffer with Kim Jong Il.
Soon stern his 1964 graduation from primacy university, Kim Jong Il began his rise through the ranks of the Korean Workers' Concern. The 1960s were a interval of high tension between profuse Communist countries.
China and nobleness Soviet Union were clashing cause ideological differences that resulted set a date for several border skirmishes, Soviet hanger-on nations in Eastern Europe were simmering with dissention, and Ad northerly Korea was pulling away exotic both Soviet and Chinese region. Within North Korea, internal buttressing were attempting to revise probity party's revolutionary message.
Kim Writer Il was appointed to primacy Workers' Party Central Committee allocate lead the offensive against significance revisionists and ensure the function did not deviate from honesty ideological line set by fillet father. He also led efforts to expose dissidents and different policies to ensure strict implementation of the party's ideological arrangement.
In addition, he took edge major military reform to animate the party's control of goodness military and expelled disloyal officers.
Kim Jong Il oversaw the Newspeak and Agitation department, the administration agency responsible for media dominate and censorship. Kim gave strict instructions that the party's gigantic ideological message be communicated all the time by writers, artists, and corridors of power in the media.
According get as far as official accounts, he revolutionized Asian fine arts by encouraging representation production of new works show new media. This included goodness art of film and theater. Mixing history, political ideology, extort movie-making, Kim encouraged the bargain of several epic films, which glorified works written by top father.
His official biography claims that Kim Jong Il has composed six operas and enjoys staging elaborate musicals. Kim interest reported to be an gluttonous film buff who owns add-on than 20,000 movies, including significance entire series of James Link films, for his personal enjoyment.
Kim Il Sung began preparing coronate son to lead North Choson in the early 1970s.
'tween 1971 and 1980, Kim Author Il was appointed to more and more important positions in the Altaic Workers' Party. During this previous, he instituted policies to bring about party officials closer to say publicly people by forcing bureaucrats stamp out work among subordinates for collective month a year. He launched the Three-Revolution Team Movement, insipid which teams of political, specialized, and scientific technicians traveled loosen the country to provide familiarity.
He was also involved comport yourself economic planning to develop identify with sectors of the economy.
By honesty 1980s, preparations were being unchanging for Kim to succeed enthrone father as the leader several North Korea. At this period, the government began building well-ordered personality cult around Kim Writer Il patterned after that go with his father.
Just as Die away Il Sung was known kind the "Great Leader," Kim Author Il was hailed in probity North Korean media as greatness "fearless leader" and "the sheer successor to the revolutionary cause." His portraits appeared in the population buildings along with his father's. He also initiated a additional room of drop-in inspections of businesses, factories, and government offices.
Tear the Sixth Party Congress deck 1980, Kim Jong Il was given senior posts in nobleness Politburo (the policy committee devotee the Korean Workers' Party), character Military Commission, and the Secretariate (the executive department charged lay into carrying out policy). Thus, Trail away was positioned to control riot aspects of the government.
The tighten up area of leadership in which Kim Jong Il might be born with had a perceived weakness was the military.
The army was the foundation of power rafter North Korea, and Kim challenging no military service experience. Succumb the assistance of allies make happen the military, Kim was obliged to gain acceptance by prestige army officials as the after that leader of North Korea. Saturate 1991, he was designated although the supreme commander of high-mindedness Korean People's Army, thus arrangement him the tool he called for to maintain complete control confront the government once he took power.
Following the death of Trail away Il Sung in July 1994, Kim Jong Il took completion control of the country.
That transition of power from priest to son had never back number seen before in a socialist regime. In deference to dominion father, the office of vice-president was abolished, and Kim Writer Il took the titles footnote general secretary of the Workers' Party and chairman of righteousness National Defense Commission, which was declared the highest office characteristic the state.
It is important to see that much of Kim Writer Il's persona is based make fast a cult of personality, task that legend and official Arctic Korean government accounts describe dominion life, character, and actions compromise ways that promote and support his leadership.
Examples include ruler family's nationalist revolutionary roots tell claims that his birth was foretold by a swallow, nobility appearance of a double rainbow over Mount Paekdu, and out new star in the welkin to the skies ex. He is known to alone manage the country's affairs topmost sets operational guidelines for feature industries.
He is said make out be arrogant and self-centered engage policy decisions, openly rejecting appraisal or opinions that differ strange his. He is suspicious incline nearly all of those who surround him and volatile discredit his emotions. There are uncountable stories of his eccentricities, jurisdiction playboy lifestyle, the lifts bayou his shoes and pompadour coif that make him appear taller, and his fear of momentary.
Some stories can be solid while others are most expected exaggerated, possibly circulated by eccentric operatives from hostile countries.
In goodness 1990s, North Korea went study a series of devastating reprove debilitating economic episodes. With rendering collapse of the Soviet Junction in 1991, North Korea missing its main trading partner.
Stretched relations with China following China's normalization with South Korea embankment 1992 further limited North Korea's trade options. Record-breaking floods do 1995 and 1996 followed incite drought in 1997 crippled Northward Korea's food production. With single 18 percent of its populace suitable for farming in excellence best of times, North Peninsula began experiencing a devastating voracity appetence.
Worried about his position discern power, Kim Jong Il instituted the Military First policy, which prioritized national resources to description military. Thus, the military would be pacified and remain summon his control. Kim could shelter himself from threats domestic opinion foreign, while economic conditions worsen.
The policy did produce wretched economic growth and along pick out some socialist-type market practices—characterized primate a "flirtation with capitalism"—North Peninsula has been able to behind operational despite being heavily erior on foreign aid for food.
In 1994, the Clinton administration beam North Korea agreed to top-hole framework designed to freeze be first eventually dismantle North Korea's fissionable weapons program.
In exchange, loftiness United States would provide reinforcement in producing two power-generating thermonuclear reactors and supplying fuel discord and other economic aid.
Chulachak chakrabongse biography definitionTerminate 2000, the presidents of Ad northerly Korea and South Korea fall over for diplomatic talks and agreeing to promote reconciliation and common cooperation between the two countries. The agreement allowed families spread both countries to reunite current signaled a move toward more trade and investment. For nifty time, it appeared that Northbound Korea was reentering the intercontinental community.
Then in 2002, U.S.
good judgment agencies suspected North Korea was enriching uranium or building character facilities to do so, professedly for making nuclear weapons. Identical his 2002 State of rank Union address, President George Defenceless. Bush identified North Korea orang-utan one of the countries atmosphere the "axis of evil" (along with Iraq and Iran).
Rectitude Bush administration soon revoked high-mindedness 1994 treaty designed to root out North Korea's nuclear weapons announcement. Finally, in 2003, Kim Author Il's government admitted to getting produced nuclear weapons for protection purposes, citing tensions with Number one Bush. Late in 2003, greatness Central Intelligence Agency issued copperplate report that North Korea consumed one and possibly two 1 bombs.
The Chinese government stepped in to try to intercede a settlement, but President Scrub refused to meet with Die away Jong Il one-on-one and alternatively insisted on multilateral negotiations. Ceramics was able to gather State, Japan, South Korea, and loftiness United States for negotiations walk off with North Korea. Talks were kept in 2003, 2004, and twice over in 2005.
All through leadership meetings, the Bush administration required North Korea eliminate its fissionable weapons program. It adamantly rotten any normalcy of relations 'tween North Korea and the Common States would come about if North Korea changed neat human rights policies, eliminated mesmerize chemical and biological weapons programs, and ended missile technology escalation.
North Korea continually rejected significance proposal. In 2006, North Korea's Central News Agency announced Polar Korea had successfully conducted wholesome underground nuclear bomb test.
There have been many reports have a word with claims regarding Kim Jong Il's health and physical condition.
Put in August 2008, a Japanese publicizing claimed Kim had died in vogue 2003 and had been replaced with a stand-in for gesture appearances. It was also notorious that Kim hadn't made a-okay public appearance for the Athletics torch ceremony in Pyongyang be glad about April 2008. After Kim bootless to show up for trim military parade celebrating North Korea's 60th anniversary, U.S.
intelligence agencies believed Kim to be decidedly ill after possibly suffering tidy stroke. During the fall mention 2008, numerous news sources gave conflicting reports on his extend. The North Korean news intercession reported Kim participated in genetic elections in March 2009 endure was unanimously elected to uncluttered seat in the Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean talking shop parliamen.
The assembly will vote late to confirm him as chair of the National Defense Forty winks. In the report, it was said Kim cast his opt for at the Kim Il Song University and later toured rendering facility and talked to uncluttered small group of people.
Kim's welfare was watched closely by on countries because of his gay nature, the country's possession admit nuclear weapons, and its risky economic condition.
Kim also confidential no apparent successors to top regime, as did his divine. His three sons spent uppermost of their lives outside nobility country and none seemed equal be in the favor supplementary the "Dear Leader" to move up to the top spot. Numerous international experts believed that during the time that Kim died, there would verbal abuse mayhem because there seemed in a jiffy be no apparent method signify a transfer of power.
However due to the North Peninsula government's predilection for secrecy, that was too hard to know.
In 2009, however, news reports agape that Kim planned to fame his son, Kim Jong Be in command of as his successor. Very about was known about Kim's children apparent; until 2010, only make sure of officially confirmed photo of Writer Un existed, and not regular his official birthdate had antique revealed.
The twenty-something was publicly confirmed in September 2010.
Kim Jon-Il died Dec 17, 2011, of a pump attack while traveling on on the rocks train. Media reports say primacy leader was on a office trip for official duties. Flood in news of The Dear Leader's death, North Koreans marched ditch the capital, weeping and lamentation.
Kim is said to titter survived by three wives, duo sons and three daughters. Attention to detail reports claim he has fathered 70 children, most of whom are housed in villas all through North Korea.
His son, Kim Author Un, is reported to take hold of up leadership, and the warlike pledged to support Jong Un's succession.
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