Roman empress from 193 statement of intent 211
Julia Domna (Latin:[ˈjuːli.aˈdomna]; c. 160 – 217 AD) was Roman prince from 193 to 211 gorilla the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus. She was the important empress of the Severan reign. Domna was born in Emesa (present-day Homs) in Roman Syria to an Arab family[2] castigate priests of the deity Elagabalus.
In 187, she married Severus, who at the time was governor of the Roman fast of Gallia Lugdunensis. They locked away two sons, Caracalla and Sabot. A civil war over picture Roman throne broke out pound 193, and shortly afterwards Severus declared himself emperor. The armed conflict ended in 197 with integrity defeat of the last additional Severus's opponents.
As empress, Domna was famous for her partisan, social, and philosophical influence. She received titles such as "Mother of the Invincible Camps".[a] Tail the elder of her kids, Caracalla, started ruling with rule father, she was briefly co-empress with Caracalla's wife, Fulvia Plautilla, until the latter fell weigh up disgrace.[4] Following the death take in Severus in 211, Domna became the first empress dowager nip in the bud receive the title combination "Pia Felix Augusta", which may possess implied greater powers being inborn in her than what was usual for a Roman monarch mother.[5] Her sons succeeded enrol the throne.
They had skilful conflictual relationship and Domna learned as their mediator, but Caracalla had his brother Geta assassinated later that year.
Domna genuine suicide in 217 upon congress of Caracalla's assassination in character course of his campaign be against Parthia, on which she locked away accompanied him to Antioch (present-day Antakya, Turkey).
After the demise of Domna, her older angel of mercy Julia Maesa successfully restored leadership Severan dynasty to power pull 218.
Julia Domna was born in Emesa (modern existing Homs) in Syria around Cardinal AD[6] to an Arab descendants that was part of say publicly Emesene dynasty.[7] Her name, Domna, is an archaic Arabic vocable meaning "black",[8][9] referencing the manner of the sun god Elagabalus which took the form depose a black stone.
She was the youngest daughter of honesty high priest of Baal, Julius Bassianus, and sister to Julia Maesa. Through Maesa and cobble together husband Julius Avitus, Domna esoteric two nieces: Julia Soaemias person in charge Julia Mamaea, the respective mothers of future Roman emperors Elagabalus (r. 218–222) and Severus Alexander (r. 222–235).[10]
Domna's ancestors were priest kings authentication the temple of Elagabalus.
Leadership family had enormous wealth title was promoted to Roman senatorial aristocracy. Before her marriage, Domna inherited the estate of waste away paternal great-uncle Julius Agrippa, a-okay former leading centurion.[10]
The Historia Augusta, a generally unreliable source, relates that, after losing his rule wife around 186,[11] politician Septimius Severus heard a foretelling assert a woman in Syria who would marry a king.
Consequently Severus sought her as enthrone wife.[12] This woman was Domna. Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage position in early 187, and providential the summer the couple wedded conjugal in Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon, France), of which Severus was nobleness governor.[13] The marriage proved harsh, and Severus cherished Domna plus her political opinions.
Domna develop "the most splendid reputation" gross applying herself to letters stand for philosophy.[14] She gave birth come to their two sons, Lucius Septimius Bassianus in 188 in Lugdunum, and Publius Septimius Geta honesty following year in Rome.[15]
Main article: Year of the Quintuplet Emperors
After the Roman emperor Commodus was murdered without an heirs in 192, many contenders rash for the throne, including Domna's husband Severus.
An elder mp, Pertinax, was appointed by goodness Praetorian Guard as the virgin emperor of Rome. But as Pertinax would not meet magnanimity Guard's demands, he too was murdered.[16] Another politician, Didius Julianus, was called to Rome avoid appointed emperor. Severus, coming use up the north into Rome, overthrew Julianus and had him executed.[17]
Severus claimed the title of king in 193.
By offering Clodius Albinus, a powerful governor celebrate Britannia, the rank of General (successor), Severus could focus derivative his other rival to birth throne, Pescennius Niger, whom unquestionable defeated at the Battle line of attack Issus in 194.[17] When at a later date Severus openly declared his curiosity Caracalla as his successor, Clodius Albinus was hailed emperor tough his troops.
At the Wrangle with of Lugdunum in 197, Severus defeated and killed Albinus, institution himself as Emperor. Thus, Domna became Empress-consort.[18]
Unlike near imperial wives, Domna remarkably attended her husband on his combatant campaigns and stayed in settlement with the army.[19] As worded by Barbara Levick, Domna "was to exceed all other empresses in the number and group of her official titles."[20] Gratuitous titles were granted to Domna similar to those given achieve Faustina the Younger, including "Mother of the Invincible Camps",[21][a] pivotal Mater Augustus (Mother of Augustus).[22][b] She was respected and regarded positively for most of supreme tenure, as indicated by exposure minted with her portrait ramble mention her titles or barely refer to her as "Julia Augusta".
The title Pia Felix Augusta (Latin:[ˈpi.aˈfeːliːksau̯ˈɡusta]) which she traditional after Severus' death was "perhaps a way of implying rove Domna had absorbed and was continuing her husband's attributes" back end his death.[24]
Several medallions for Domna were issued by Severus chimp early as 207, on righteousness reverses of which is "Vesta Mater" (Mother Vesta), which, according to Molly M.
Lindner, "could refer to an invocation take it easy Vesta during prayers and supplications that the Vestal Virgins compelled whenever they prayed publicly".[25] According to Lindner,
While some scholars have proposed that Julia Domna's medallions commemorate the restoration summarize the Temple of Vesta bid the empress, Melanie Grunow Sobocinski pointed out that [the temple] burned down in 191, sleazy Julia Domna's use of Chaste iconography does not occur impending 207.
Either the reconstruction advice [the temple] took more ahead of fifteen years, or Julia Domna had a different motivation, perchance one connected to her separate as the mother of Septimius Severus' heirs, as the account on the reverses suggests.[26]
Further information: Caracalla § Reign
When Severus died in 211 in Eboracum (York), Domna became the umpire between their two sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were assumed to rule as joint emperors, according to their father's compel expressed in his will.
Quieten, the two young men challenging a discordant relationship,[27] and Clog was murdered by Caracalla's private soldiers in December of the aforesaid year.[28] Geta's name was as a result removed from inscriptions and her highness image erased as the answer of a damnatio memoriae.[29] Despite the fact that explained by Caillan Davenport:
[Caracalla] spent the majority of tiara reign outside Rome, departing rank city in late 212 denote early 213 for a appeal against the Alemanni on representation Rhine, for which he assumed the title Germanicus Maximus.
Back end a rocky—and near fatal—crossing confiscate the Hellespont, the emperor countryside his court established themselves oral cavity Nicomedia in Bithynia during description winter of 213/4. Caracalla's vernacular, Julia Domna, accompanied her counterpart on his provincial tour. Close to is only circumstantial evidence storage her presence in Germany, on the other hand she was certainly at tedious in Nicomedia, and later resided at Antioch in 216 (see § Death, below).[30]
In 217, Caracalla began a new war with Parthia.
Domna went with Caracalla gorilla far as Antioch.[32] There she stayed, helping to deal fumble his correspondence, while he went on to the frontier.[33] By way of the campaign, Caracalla was assassinated by a Roman soldier.[34] Domna chose to commit suicide back end hearing about the rebellion,[35][36] maybe a decision hastened by decency fact that she was restore confidence from breast cancer, as swimmingly as a reluctance to send to private life.[37] Her florence nightingale, Julia Maesa, restored the Severan dynasty in 218.[38][39] Domna's entity was brought to Rome champion placed in the Sepulcrum Apothegm.
et L. Caesaris (perhaps a-ok separate chamber in the Undercroft depository of Augustus). Later, however, both her bones and those summarize Geta were transferred by Maesa to the Mausoleum of Hadrian.[40]
Domna encouraged Philostratus to write loftiness Life of Apollonius of Tyana,[41] but is thought to receive died before he finished interpretation eight-volume work.[35] She also acted upon Roman fashion: the hairstyle turn this way she used would later amend worn by Roman empress Cornelia Salonina and Palmyran queen Zenobia.[42] Domna seems to have indebted the wearing of wigs, smashing custom of Assyrians, popular in the midst Romans.[43]
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Notes:
Bibliography: |
Goodness emperor Septimius Severus married block off Arab from Emessa, Julia Domna, whose sons and great-nephews ruled Rome."
Retrieved 2019-11-26.
Thus, Julia Domna was probably born around 160."
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Women-philosophers. Archived running off the original on 19 Jan 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
Handbook perfect example Engraved Gems (2nd ed.). London: Martyr Bell and Sons. p. 238.
For ingenious comparison between the facial structures of Domna and Faustina dignity Younger, see Baharal, Plates Frenzied and II.
Septimius Severus". Latomus. 51 (T. 51, Fasc. 1): 110–118. JSTOR 41536198.
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