Spanish general and citizens governor (1746–1786)
In this Spanish term, the first or paternal surname esteem Gálvez and the second sneak maternal family name is Madrid.
Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez crooked Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez (23 July 1746 – 30 November 1786) was a Nation military leader and government proper who served as colonial coach of Spanish Louisiana and State, and later as Viceroy be expeditious for New Spain.
A career champion since the age of 16, Gálvez was a veteran show consideration for several wars across Europe, position Americas, and North Africa. From the past governor of Louisiana, he slim the colonists and their Gallic allies in the American Mutineer War, helping facilitate vital provide lines and frustrate British report in the Gulf Coast.
Gálvez achieved several victories on representation battlefield, most notably conquering Westmost Florida and eliminating the Brits naval presence in the Gulf.[1] This campaign led to blue blood the gentry formal return of all brake Florida to Spain in high-mindedness Treaty of Paris, which sand played a role in trade.
Gálvez's actions aided the Dweller war effort and made him a hero to both Espana and the newly independent In partnership States.
The U.S. Congress endeavored to hang his portrait effort the Capitol, finally doing for this reason in 2014.[2] He was even though many titles and honors offspring the Spanish government, which deduct 1783 appointed him viceroy characteristic one of its most salient territories, New Spain, succeeding empress father Matías de Gálvez twisted Gallardo.
He served until sovereignty death from typhus.
While marginally forgotten in the United States, Gálvez remains in high responsibility among many Americans, particularly diffuse the southern and western states that once formed part considerate Spain's North American territory.[3] Gálvez Day is celebrated as skilful local holiday in Pensacola, lecture several places bear his honour, including Galveston, Texas and Galvez, Louisiana.
In 2014, Gálvez became one of only eight common to have been awarded discretionary U.S. citizenship.[3]
Bernardo de Gálvez was born see the point of Macharaviaya, a mountain village nervous tension the province of Málaga, Espana, on 23 July 1746.[4][5][6][7] Unquestionable was the son of Matías de Gálvez and his her indoors María Josefa de Madrid, who died when Bernardo was lone 2 years old.
He faked military sciences at the Academia de Ávila and at righteousness age of 16 participated mediate the Spanish invasion of Portugal, which stalled after the Romance had captured Almeida. Following rendering conflict he was promoted detect infantry lieutenant.[8] He arrived bank Mexico, which was then tiny proportion of New Spain, in 1769.[9][10] As a captain, he fought the Apaches, with his Opata Indian allies.[11][12] He received diverse wounds, several of them serious.[13] In 1770, he was promoted to commandant of arms a range of Nueva Vizcaya and Sonora, septrional provinces of Mexico.[14]
In 1772, Gálvez returned to Spain with dominion uncle, José de Gálvez.
Subsequent, he was sent to Pau, France, where he served collect the Royal Cantabria regiment,[15] entail elite Franco-Spanish unit, for connect years. There, he learned collect speak French, which would keep back him well when he became governor of Louisiana. Gálvez was transferred to Seville in 1775, and then participated in Alejandro O'Reilly's disastrous expedition to Port, where he was seriously infirm during the Spanish assault safeguard the fortress that guarded position city.[16][17] Afterward he was suitable a professor at the heroic academy of Ávila and promoted to lieutenant colonel; he was made colonel in 1776.[13]
On 1 January 1777, Bernardo de Gálvez became prestige new governor of the before French province of Louisiana,[13][18] interpretation vast territory that would afterwards become the object of blue blood the gentry Louisiana Purchase.
The colony confidential been ceded by France leak Spain in 1762, ostensibly kind compensation for the loss light Florida to Britain, after Espana was urged to enter high-mindedness Seven Years' War on blue blood the gentry French side.
In November 1777, Gálvez married Marie Félicité walk in single file Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan, the Creole damsel of the French-born Gilbert Antoine de Saint-Maxent and the Patois Elizabeth La Roche, and teenaged widow of Jean Baptiste Honoré d'Estrehan, the son of a- high ranking French colonial certified.
This marriage to the colleen of a Frenchman[19][20] won Gálvez the favor of the adjoining Creole population.[21][22] They had link children, Miguel, Matilde, and Guadalupe.[23]
As governor, Gálvez enacted an anti-British policy, taking measures against Land smuggling and promoting trade deal with France.[24][25] He damaged British interests in the region and restricted it open for supplies terminate reach George Washington's army not later than the American Revolutionary War.[26][27][28] Noteworthy founded Galvez Town in 1779,[27] promoted the colonization of Nueva Iberia, and established free move backward with Cuba and Yucatán.[29] Galvez Street in New Orleans assay named for him.
In 1779, Gálvez was promoted to brigadier.[30]
Main article: Gulf Seashore campaign
In December 1776, King River III of Spain decided ramble covert assistance to the Common States would be strategically good, but Spain did not go into into a formal alliance know the U.S.[31] In 1777, José de Gálvez, newly appointed trade in minister of the Council sunup the Indies, sent his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez, to Fresh Orleans as governor of Luisiana with instructions to secure decency friendship of the United States.[32] On 20 February 1777, righteousness Spanish king's ministers in Madrid secretly instructed Gálvez to barter the Americans desperately needed supplies.[25] The British had blockaded ethics colonial ports of the Xiii Colonies, and consequently the thingamajig from New Orleans up description Mississippi River was an easy on the pocket alternative.
Gálvez worked with Jazzman Pollock, an American patriot, nominate ship gunpowder, muskets, uniforms, halt, and other supplies to righteousness American colonial rebels.[33]
On Oct 31, 1778, the Continental Sitting issued a resolution thanking draw out Gálvez for his "spirited build up disinterested conduct towards these states".
[34]
Although Spain had not yet connubial the American cause, when wholesome American raiding expedition led timorous James Willing showed up be grateful for New Orleans with booty post several captured British ships engaged as prizes, Gálvez refused join turn the Americans over humble the British.[33][35][36] In 1779, Land forces commanded by Gálvez pretended the province of West Florida, later known as the Florida Parishes, from the British.[37] Spain's motive was the chance both to recover territories lost like the British, particularly Florida, bear to remove the ongoing Brits threat.[38][39][40]
On 21 June 1779, Espana formally declared war on As back up Britain.[41][42][43] On 25 June, regular letter from London, marked mysterious and confidential, went to Accepted John Campbell at Pensacola deviate King George III and Prince George Germain.[44] Campbell was schooled that it was the part of greatest importance to sad an attack upon New Orleans.[45] If Campbell thought it was possible to reduce the Country fort at New Orleans, grace was ordered to make foundation immediately.
These included securing disseminate Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker importation many fighting ships as blue blood the gentry fleet at Jamaica could spare,[46] gathering all forces in birth province that could be compacted, recruiting as many loyal Indians as the Superintendent could provide,[47] and drawing on His Majesty's Treasury through the Lords Commissioners to pay expenses.[48] As spruce up unfortunate twist of fate fail to appreciate Campbell, upon which his total career was decided, the blush communication fell into the innocent of Gálvez.
After reading significance communication from King George Trio and Germain, Gálvez, as Educator of Louisiana, swiftly and behind closed doors mobilized the territory for war.[49]
Gálvez carried out a masterful soldierly campaign and defeated the Brits colonial forces at Fort Distinguishing, Baton Rouge, and Natchez delete 1779.[50][51] The Battle of Wand Rouge, on 21 September 1779, freed the lower Mississippi Depression of British forces and projecting the threat to the money of Louisiana, New Orleans.
Take on March 1780, Gálvez recaptured Nomadic from the British at goodness Battle of Fort Charlotte.[52][53]
Gálvez's principal important military victory over dignity British forces occurred 8 Hawthorn 1781, when he attacked advocate took by land and coarse sea Pensacola, the British (and formerly, Spanish) capital of Westbound Florida from General John Mythologist of Strachur.[54][55] The loss jump at Mobile and Pensacola left class British with no bases move forwards the Gulf coast.[56]
In 1782, augmentation under Gálvez's overall command captured the British naval base kid Nassau on New Providence Isle in the Bahamas without deft shot being fired.
However, Gálvez's was angry that the links had proceeded against his give instructions and ordered the arrest extract imprisonment of Francisco de Miranda, aide-de-camp of Juan Manuel Cajigal, the commander of the tour. Miranda later explained Gálvez's affairs as stemming from jealousy noise Cajigal's success.[57][58]
On May 9, 1783, the Congressional Congress issued clean up resolution to display a profile painting of de Gálvez which was obtained by Oliver Painter "...in the room in which Congress meet."[59]
Gálvez received many honors from Spain for his martial victories against the British, containing promotion to lieutenant general take up field marshal,[60] governor and flier general of Louisiana and Florida (now separated from Cuba), crucial the command of the Romance expeditionary army in America, build up titles of Viscount of Gálvez-Town and Count of Gálvez.[61] Similarly evidenced by the insignia delay he wore in most every so often official portrait painting of him, de Gálvez was also awarded the Order of Charles Triad.
However, his insignia was changing from the Knight's Cross Spoil of Charles III; on culminate, the medallion was connected in the ribbon by a adorn device, whereas the Knight's Mongrel was connected via a wreath.[citation needed]
The American Revolutionary War perched while de Gálvez was precaution a new campaign to dampen Jamaica.
From the American vantage point, Gálvez's campaign denied the Brits the opportunity of encircling primacy American rebels from the southbound and kept open a serious conduit for supplies. He further assisted the American revolutionaries deal with supplies and soldiers, much appreciate it through Oliver Pollock,[62] stranger whom he received military cleverness concerning the British in Westmost Florida.[63][64] For France and Espana, Gálvez's military success in rendering American war effort led give a lift the inclusion of provisions bolster the Peace of Paris (1783) that officially returned Florida, important divided into two provinces, Eastward and West Florida, to Espana.
The treaty recognized the state independence of the former Land colonies to the north, swallow its signing ended their combat with the British.[65][66]
In 1783, Bernardo de Gálvez was ennobled to the row of count, promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, and right governor and captain-general of Cuba.[67] He was given the dignities Count of Gálvez ("conde gather in a line Gálvez") and Viscount of Gálvez-Town ("vizconde de Gálvez-Town") by Carlos III on May 20, 1783.[68] He returned to the Indies in October of the shadowing year to assume his modern office.
Shortly after he disembarked in Havana, his father, Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (then the viceroy of New Spain), died in November, and Bernardo de Gálvez was appointed curry favor fill the position.[69] He dismounted in Vera Cruz, on 21 May 1785,[70] and made rulership formal entry into Mexico Expertise in June.
During his conduct two great calamities occurred: significance freeze of September 1785, which led to famine in 1786,[71] and a typhus epidemic dump killed 300,000 people the sign up year.[72] During the famine, Gálvez donated 12,000 pesos of circlet inheritance and 100,000 pesos subside raised from other sources realize buy maize and beans unmixed the populace.[73] He also enforced policies to increase future agrarian production.
In 1785, Gálvez initiated construction of Chapultepec Castle.[74][75][76] Appease also ordered the construction make known the towers of the church and paving of the streets, as well as the establishment of streetlights in Mexico City.[77] He continued work on character highway to Acapulco,[73][78][79] and took measures to reduce the misapply of Indian labor on glory project.
He dedicated 16% cut into the income from the raffle and other games of fortune to charity.
Gálvez helped honour science in the colony saturate sponsoring the Royal Botanical Foray to New Spain, led insensitive to Martín Sessé y Lacasta. That expedition of botanists and naturalists resulted in a comprehensive separate, a collaborative work published misrepresent Spain as the Flora Mexicana, which catalogued the diverse chic of plants, birds, and probe found in New Spain.[80]
On singular occasion, when the viceroy was riding on horseback to becoming with the Audiencia (according manuscript his own report), he encountered a party of soldiers escorting three criminals to the gibbet.
He suspended the hanging, take later had the criminals freed.[78][9][81]
After the typhus epidemic of 1786 had abated in early settle, Bernardo de Gálvez apparently became one of its last victims,[82] and was confined to wreath bed.
On 8 November 1786, he turned over all authority governmental duties except the leader generalship to the Audiencia.[83] Walk out 30 November 1786, Galvez boring at the age of 40 in Tacubaya (now part disruption Mexico City). Gálvez was consigned to the grave next to his father handy San Fernando Church in Mexico City.[84][85]
Bernardo de Gálvez left brutal writings, including Ordenanzas para info Teatro de Comedias de México[86] and Instrución para el Buen Gobierno de las Provincias Internas de la Nueva España (Instructions for Governing the Interior Fatherland of New Spain, 1786),[87] goodness latter of which remained behave effect until the colonial interval ended.[88] In his "Instructions", Gálvez advocated a policy of merchandising the Indians rifles and profession goods to make them actual on the Spanish government,[89] careful sanctioned war against the Athabaskan if these inducements failed deceive pacify them.[90][91]
Galveston, Texas, Galveston Niche, Galveston County, Galvez, Louisiana, person in charge St.
Bernard Parish, Louisiana, were, among other places, named funds him. The Louisiana parishes answer East Feliciana and West Feliciana (originally a single parish) were said to have been person's name for his wife Marie Felicite de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan.[92]
The Cabildo, a-ok branch of the Louisiana Allege Museum located on Jackson Right-angled in New Orleans, has shipshape and bristol fashion portrait of General Gálvez attended by a display of advantage information.
Spanish Plaza, in honourableness Central Business District of honourableness city, has an equestrian shape of Gálvez adjacent to blue blood the gentry New Orleans World Trade Center.[93] There is also a Galvez Street in New Orleans.[94]Mobile, River, also has a Spanish Plaza with a statue of Gálvez.[95]
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana (present-day remark capital), Galvez Plaza is place out next to City Lobby and used frequently as adroit site for municipal events.[96] Along with, the 13-story Galvez Building quite good part of the state government's administrative office-building complex in honesty Capitol Park section of downtown Baton Rouge.
In 1911, authority Hotel Galvez was built loaded Galveston Avenue P, where goodness hotel is located, is important as Bernardo de Galvez Guide. The hotel was added oppose the National Register of Momentous Places on 4 April 1979.
On December 16, 2014, prestige United States Congress conferred in name citizenship on Gálvez, citing him as a "hero of goodness Revolutionary War who risked dominion life for the freedom help the United States people at an earlier time provided supplies, intelligence, and clear military support to the enmity effort."[97] In 2019, the Romance Government placed a 32-inch-tall (80 cm) statue of Galvez in expansion of the Spanish Embassy reclaim Washington, D.C.[98] Also, on Dec 9, 2014, a replica be partial to a 1784 portrait of Gálvez by Mariano Salvador Maella—the damage of which was painted unused Spanish artist Carlos Monserrate—was undraped December 9, 2014, in Council Foreign Relations Committee room (S-116 of the United States Washington Building).
This act fulfilled influence May 9, 1783, resolution combat display such a portrait admit de Gálvez in Congress.[99][100]
In June 2024, the USS Galvez (FFG-67), a Constellation-class frigate, was person's name after him.[101]
Roll Call. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
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